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        <h3 id="一、set-multiset的简介"><a href="#一、set-multiset的简介" class="headerlink" title="一、set/multiset的简介"></a>一、set/multiset的简介</h3><p>    set是一个<strong>集合</strong>容器，其中所包含的元素是<strong>唯一</strong>的，<strong>集合中的元素按一定的顺序排列</strong>。<strong>元素插入过程是按排序规则插入</strong>，所以不能指定插入位置。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<p>    set采用<strong>红黑树</strong>变体的数据结构实现，红黑树属于平衡二叉树。<strong>在插入操作和删除操作上比vector快</strong>。</p>
<p>    set不可以直接存取元素。（不可以使用at.(pos)与[]操作符）。</p>
<p>    multiset与set的区别：</p>
<ul>
<li>set支持唯一键值，<strong>每个元素值只能出现一次</strong>；</li>
<li>multiset中<strong>同一值可以出现多次</strong>。</li>
</ul>
<p>    不可以直接修改set或multiset容器中的元素值，因为该类容器是自动排序的。如果希望修改一个元素值，必须先删除原有的元素，再插入新的元素。</p>
<p>    #include &lt;set&gt; </p>
<p>​                               </p>
<h3 id="二、set-multiset构造函数"><a href="#二、set-multiset构造函数" class="headerlink" title="二、set/multiset构造函数"></a>二、set/multiset构造函数</h3><p>    set&lt;T&gt; st;//set默认构造函数：</p>
<p>    mulitset&lt;T&gt; mst; //multiset默认构造函数</p>
<p>    set(const set &amp;st);         //拷贝构造函数</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; setInt;      <span class="comment">//一个存放int的set容器。</span></span><br><span class="line">multiset&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; mulsetInt;      <span class="comment">//一个存放int的multiset容器。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; <span class="title">setIntB</span><span class="params">(setIntA)</span></span>; <span class="comment">//1 3 5 7 9</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h3 id="三、set的插入与迭代器"><a href="#三、set的插入与迭代器" class="headerlink" title="三、set的插入与迭代器"></a>三、set的插入与迭代器</h3><p>    set.insert(elem);   //在容器中插入元素。</p>
<p>    set.begin(); //返回容器中第一个数据的迭代器。</p>
<p>    set.end(); //返回容器中最后一个数据之后的迭代器。</p>
<p>    set.rbegin(); //返回容器中倒数第一个元素的迭代器。</p>
<p>    set.rend();  //返回容器中倒数最后一个元素的后面的迭代器。 </p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; setInt;</span><br><span class="line">setInt.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">3</span>); </span><br><span class="line">setInt.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setInt.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">5</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setInt.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span>(set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt;::iterator it=setInt.<span class="built_in">begin</span>(); it!=setInt.<span class="built_in">end</span>(); ++it)&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">int</span> iItem = *it;</span><br><span class="line">   cout &lt;&lt; iItem;  <span class="comment">//或直接使用cout &lt;&lt; *it</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//这样子便顺序输出 1 2 3 5(默认排序，从小到大)</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="四、set集合的元素排序"><a href="#四、set集合的元素排序" class="headerlink" title="四、set集合的元素排序"></a>四、set集合的元素排序</h3><p>    set&lt;int,less&lt;int&gt; &gt; setIntA; //该容器是按升序方式排列元素。</p>
<p>    set&lt;int,greater&lt;int&gt;&gt; setIntB;  //该容器是按降序方式排列元素。</p>
<p>    set&lt;int&gt; 相当于 set&lt;int,less&lt;int&gt;&gt;。</p>
<p>    less&lt;int&gt;与greater&lt;int&gt;中的int可以改成其它类型，该类型主要要跟set容纳的数据类型一致。</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>,greater&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt;&gt; setIntB;</span><br><span class="line">setIntB.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">3</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntB.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntB.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">5</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntB.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//此时容器setIntB就包含了按顺序的5,3,2,1元素</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h3 id="五、函数对象functor的用法"><a href="#五、函数对象functor的用法" class="headerlink" title="五、函数对象functor的用法"></a>五、函数对象functor的用法</h3><p>    尽管函数指针被广泛用于实现函数回调，但C++还提供了一个重要的实现回调函数的方法，那就是函数对象。</p>
<p>    functor，翻译成函数对象，伪函数，算符，是重载了“()”操作符的普通类对象。从语法上讲，它与普通函数行为类似。</p>
<p>    greater&lt;&gt;与less&lt;&gt;就是函数对象。 </p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//下面举出greater&lt;int&gt;的简易实现原理。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">greater</span>&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="title">operator</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="params">(<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>&amp; iLeft, <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">int</span>&amp; iRight)</span></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">   		<span class="keyword">return</span> (iLeft&gt;iRight);  <span class="comment">//如果是实现less&lt;int&gt;的话，这边是写return (iLeft&lt;iRight);</span></span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//容器就是调用函数对象的operator()方法去比较两个值的大小。</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="六、set对象赋值"><a href="#六、set对象赋值" class="headerlink" title="六、set对象赋值"></a>六、set对象赋值</h3><p>    set&amp; operator=(const set &amp;st);    //重载等号操作符</p>
<p>    set.swap(st);               //交换两个集合容器</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; setIntA;</span><br><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; setIntC;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">3</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">7</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">5</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">9</span>);    </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">setIntC = setIntA;       <span class="comment">//1 3 5 7 9 </span></span><br><span class="line">setIntC.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">6</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntC.<span class="built_in">swap</span>(setIntA);    <span class="comment">//交换</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h3 id="七、set的大小"><a href="#七、set的大小" class="headerlink" title="七、set的大小"></a>七、set的大小</h3><p>    set.size();  //返回容器中元素的数目</p>
<p>    set.empty();//判断容器是否为空 </p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; setIntA;</span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">3</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">setIntA.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">7</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (!setIntA.<span class="built_in">empty</span>())&#123;</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">int</span> iSize = setIntA.<span class="built_in">size</span>();      <span class="comment">//3</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h3 id="八、set的删除"><a href="#八、set的删除" class="headerlink" title="八、set的删除"></a>八、set的删除</h3><p>    set.clear();     //清除所有元素</p>
<p>    set.erase(pos);  //删除pos迭代器所指的元素，返回下一个元素的迭代器。</p>
<p>    set.erase(beg,end);    //删除区间[beg,end)的所有元素 ，返回下一个元素的迭代器。</p>
<p>    set.erase(elem);   //删除容器中值为elem的元素。 </p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//删除区间内的元素</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//setInt是用set&lt;int&gt;声明的容器，现已包含按顺序的1,3,5,6,9,11元素。</span></span><br><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt;::iterator itBegin=setInt.<span class="built_in">begin</span>();</span><br><span class="line">++ itBegin;</span><br><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt;::iterator itEnd=setInt.<span class="built_in">begin</span>();</span><br><span class="line">++ itEnd;</span><br><span class="line">++ itEnd;</span><br><span class="line">++ itEnd;</span><br><span class="line">setInt.<span class="built_in">erase</span>(itBegin,itEnd);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//此时容器setInt包含按顺序的1,6,9,11四个元素。</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//删除容器中第一个元素</span></span><br><span class="line">setInt.<span class="built_in">erase</span>(setInt.<span class="built_in">begin</span>());       <span class="comment">//6,9,11</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//删除容器中值为9的元素</span></span><br><span class="line">set.<span class="built_in">erase</span>(<span class="number">9</span>);   </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//删除setInt的所有元素</span></span><br><span class="line">setInt.<span class="built_in">clear</span>();          <span class="comment">//容器为空</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="九、set的查找"><a href="#九、set的查找" class="headerlink" title="九、set的查找"></a>九、set的查找</h3><p>    set.find(elem);  //查找elem元素，返回指向elem元素的迭代器；若不存在，返回set.end()</p>
<p>    set.count(elem);  //返回容器中值为elem的元素个数。对set来说，要么是0，要么是1。对multiset来说，值可能大于1。</p>
<p>    set.lower_bound(elem); //返回第一个&gt;=elem元素的迭代器。</p>
<p>    set.upper_bound(elem);    // 返回第一个&gt;elem元素的迭代器。</p>
<p>    set.equal_range(elem);       //返回容器中与elem相等的上下限的两个迭代器。上限是闭区间，下限是开区间，如[beg,end)。返回两个迭代器，而这两个迭代器被封装在pair中。</p>
<figure class="highlight cpp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt; s1;</span><br><span class="line">s1.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">7</span>);</span><br><span class="line">s1.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line">s1.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">4</span>);</span><br><span class="line">s1.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">5</span>);</span><br><span class="line">s1.<span class="built_in">insert</span>(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt;::iterator ret = s1.<span class="built_in">find</span>(<span class="number">14</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (ret == s1.<span class="built_in">end</span>()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;没有找到!&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;ret:&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; *ret &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//找第一个大于等于key的元素</span></span><br><span class="line">ret = s1.<span class="built_in">lower_bound</span>(<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (ret == s1.<span class="built_in">end</span>()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;没有找到!&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;ret:&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; *ret &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//找第一个大于key的值</span></span><br><span class="line">ret = s1.<span class="built_in">upper_bound</span>(<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (ret == s1.<span class="built_in">end</span>()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;没有找到!&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;ret:&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; *ret &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//equal_range 返回Lower_bound 和 upper_bound值</span></span><br><span class="line">pair&lt;set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt;::iterator, set&lt;<span class="keyword">int</span>&gt;::iterator&gt; myret = s1.<span class="built_in">equal_range</span>(<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (myret.first == s1.<span class="built_in">end</span>()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;没有找到！&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;myret:&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; *(myret.first) &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> (myret.second == s1.<span class="built_in">end</span>()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;没有找到！&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">else</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    cout &lt;&lt; <span class="string">&quot;myret:&quot;</span> &lt;&lt; *(myret.second) &lt;&lt; endl;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">结果：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">没有找到!</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">ret:2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">ret:4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">myret:2</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">myret:4</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">*/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


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